- Neonatal Progeroid Syndrome
- Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
- Syndrome Incredibles
- Syndrome Hair
Rett syndrome is an incredibly complex disorder that will require a multi-pronged approach to treat and cure. Our unwavering strategy focuses on treatment medications, gene therapy and neuro-habilitative therapies, and we are bringing the first and only treatment that addresses the underlying biology for Rett syndrome into the final phase of. Down syndrome; Ehlers-Danlos, Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Marfan Syndromes (disorders of connective tissue, including skin and joints) Fragile X syndrome (inherited mental impairment) Neurofibromatosis (nervous system disorder that can affect skin and bone) Skeletal abnormalities and limb defects. WILSON SYNDROME: Congenital defect in Ceruloplasmin, leading to buildup of copper - mental retardation, cirrhosis, hepatolenticular degeneration. ENDOCRINE, REPRODUCTIVE AMENNORRHEA-GALACTORRHEA SYNDROME: Non-physiologic lactation, resulting from endocrinologic causes or from a pituitary disorder. Reye syndrome is a rapidly worsening brain disease. Symptoms may include vomiting, personality changes, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Even though liver toxicity typically occurs, jaundice usually does not. Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition in which a boy is born with an extra X chromosome. Instead of the typical XY chromosomes in men, they have XXY, so this condition is sometimes called XXY.
A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder.[1] The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning 'concurrence'.[2]:1818 When a syndrome is paired with a definite cause this becomes a disease.[3] In some instances, a syndrome is so closely linked with a pathogenesis or cause that the words syndrome, disease, and disorder end up being used interchangeably for them. This substitution of terminology often confuses the reality and meaning of medical diagnoses.[3] This is especially true of inherited syndromes. For example, Down syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, and Andersen syndrome are disorders with known pathogeneses, so each is more than just a set of signs and symptoms, despite the syndrome nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain lesions; and premenstrual syndrome is not a disease but simply a set of symptoms.
If an underlying genetic cause is suspected but not known, a condition may be referred to as a genetic association (often just 'association' in context). By definition, an association indicates that the collection of signs and symptoms occurs in combination more frequently than would be likely by chance alone.[2]:167
Syndromes are often named after the physician or group of physicians that discovered them or initially described the full clinical picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are examples of medical eponyms. Recently, there has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptively (by symptoms or underlying cause) rather than eponymously, but the eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage.
Usage[edit]
General medicine[edit]
In medicine, a broad definition of syndrome is used, which describes a collection of symptoms and findings without necessarily tying them to a single identifiable pathogenesis. Examples of infectious syndromes include encephalitis and hepatitis, which can both have several different infectious causes.[4] The more specific definition employed in medical genetics describes a subset of all medical syndromes.
Psychiatry and psychopathology[edit]
Psychiatric syndromes often called psychopathological syndromes (psychopathology refers both to psychic dysfunctions occurring in mental disorders, and the study of the origin, diagnosis, development, and treatment of mental disorders).
In Russia those psychopathological syndromes are used in modern clinical practice and described in psychiatric literature in the details: asthenic syndrome, obsessive syndrome, emotional syndromes (for example, manic syndrome, depressive syndrome), Cotard's syndrome, catatonic syndrome, hebephrenic syndrome, delusional and hallucinatory syndromes (for example, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, Kandinsky-Clérambault's syndrome also known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hallucinosis), paraphrenic syndrome, psychopathic syndromes (includes all personality disorders), clouding of consciousness syndromes (for example, twilight clouding of consciousness, amential syndrome also known as amentia, delirious syndrome, stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, hypochondriacal syndrome, paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, encephalopathic syndrome.[5][6]
Neonatal Progeroid Syndrome
Some examples of psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany are psychoorganic syndrome, depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compulsive syndrome, autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, manic syndrome, apathy syndrome.[7]
Münchausen syndrome, Ganser syndrome, neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, olfactory reference syndrome are also well-known.
History[edit]
The most important psychopathological syndromes were classified into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856—1926). The first group, which includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive.[8] The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome.[8] The third includes the most severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia.[8] In Kraepelin's era, epilepsy was viewed as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered 'genuine epilepsy' a 'psychosis', and described 'the three major psychoses' as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.[9]
Medical genetics[edit]
In the field of medical genetics, the term 'syndrome' is traditionally only used when the underlying genetic cause is known. Thus, trisomy 21 is commonly known as Down syndrome.
Until 2005, CHARGE syndrome was most frequently referred to as 'CHARGE association'. When the major causative gene (CHD7) for the condition was discovered, the name was changed.[10] The consensus underlying cause of VACTERL association has not been determined, and thus it is not commonly referred to as a 'syndrome'.[11]
Other fields[edit]
In biology, 'syndrome' is used in a more general sense to describe characteristic sets of features in various contexts. Examples include behavioral syndromes, as well as pollination syndromes and seed dispersal syndromes.
In orbital mechanics and astronomy, Kessler syndrome refers to the effect where the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade in which each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.
China syndrome is a fictional scenario where a nuclear meltdown melts through a reactor containment vessel and then all the way through the earth to the opposite side.
Naming[edit]
There is no set common convention for the naming of newly identified syndromes. In the past, syndromes were often named after the physician or scientist who identified and described the condition in an initial publication, these are referred to as 'eponymous syndromes'. In some cases, diseases are named after the patient who initially presents with symptoms,[12] or their home town (Stockholm syndrome). There have been isolated cases of patients being eager to have their syndromes named after them, while their physicians are hesitant.[13] When a syndrome is named after a person, there is some difference of opinion as to whether it should take the possessive form or not (Down syndrome vs. Down's syndrome). North American usage has tended to favor the non-possessive form, while European references often use the possessive.[14] Even in Europe, there has been a trend away from the possessive form, over the period between 1970 and 2008.[14]
History[edit]
Avicenna, in The Canon of Medicine (published 1025), pioneered the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases.[15] The concept of a medical syndrome was further developed in the 17th century by Thomas Sydenham.[16]
Underlying cause[edit]
Even in syndromes with no known etiology, the presence of the associated symptoms with a statistically improbable correlation normally leads the researchers to hypothesize that there exists an unknown underlying cause for all the described symptoms.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^The British Medical Association Illustrated Medical Dictionary. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2002. pp. 177, 536. ISBN9780751333831. OCLC51643555.
- ^ abDorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. ISBN9781416062578. OCLC706780870.
- ^ abCalvo, F; Karras, BT; Phillips, R; Kimball, AM; Wolf, F (2003). 'Diagnoses, Syndromes, and Diseases: A Knowledge Representation Problem'. AMIA Annu Symp Proc: 802. PMC1480257. PMID14728307.
- ^Slack, R. C. B. (2012). 'Infective syndromes'. In Greenwood, D.; Barer, M.; Slack, R.; Irving, W. (eds.). Medical Microbiology (18th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 678–688. ISBN978-0-7020-4089-4.
- ^Дмитриева, Т. Б.; Краснов, В. Н.; Незнанов, Н. Г.; Семке, В. Я.; Тиганов, А. С. (2011). Психиатрия: Национальное руководство [Psychiatry: The National Manual] (in Russian). Moscow: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. pp. 306–330. ISBN978-5-9704-2030-0.
- ^Сметанников, П. Г. (1995). Психиатрия: Краткое руководство для врачей [Psychiatry: A Brief Guide for Physicians] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: СПбМАПО. pp. 86–119. ISBN5-85077-025-9.
- ^P. Pichot (2013). Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification. Springer. p. 157. ISBN978-1-4899-5049-9.
- ^ abcCole, S. J. (1922). 'The Forms in which Insanity Expresses Itself [Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins]. (Arb. für Psychiat., München, Bd. ii, 1921.) Kraepelin, Emil'. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 68 (282): 296. doi:10.1192/bjp.68.282.295. ISSN0007-1250.
- ^Ghaemi S. N. (2009). 'Nosologomania: DSM & Karl Jaspers' critique of Kraepelin'. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. 4: 10. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-4-10. PMC2724409. PMID19627606.
- ^'#214800 - CHARGE Syndrome'. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- ^'#192350 - VATER Association'. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- ^McCusick, Victor (1986). Mendelian Inheritance in Man (7th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xxiii–xxv.
- ^Teebi, A. S. (2004). 'Naming of a syndrome: The story of 'Adam Wright' syndrome'. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 125A (3): 329–30. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20460. PMID14994249. S2CID8439955.
- ^ abJana, N; Barik, S; Arora, N (2009). 'Current use of medical eponyms--a need for global uniformity in scientific publications'. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 9: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-18. PMC2667526. PMID19272131.
- ^Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-513580-6.
- ^Natelson, Benjamin H. (1998). Facing and fighting fatigue: a practical approach. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 30. ISBN0-300-07401-8.
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
External links[edit]
Syndrome Incredibles
Look up syndrome in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Syndrome Hair
- Whonamedit.com - a repository of medical eponyms
If an underlying genetic cause is suspected but not known, a condition may be referred to as a genetic association (often just 'association' in context). By definition, an association indicates that the collection of signs and symptoms occurs in combination more frequently than would be likely by chance alone.[2]:167
Syndromes are often named after the physician or group of physicians that discovered them or initially described the full clinical picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are examples of medical eponyms. Recently, there has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptively (by symptoms or underlying cause) rather than eponymously, but the eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage.
Usage[edit]
General medicine[edit]
In medicine, a broad definition of syndrome is used, which describes a collection of symptoms and findings without necessarily tying them to a single identifiable pathogenesis. Examples of infectious syndromes include encephalitis and hepatitis, which can both have several different infectious causes.[4] The more specific definition employed in medical genetics describes a subset of all medical syndromes.
Psychiatry and psychopathology[edit]
Psychiatric syndromes often called psychopathological syndromes (psychopathology refers both to psychic dysfunctions occurring in mental disorders, and the study of the origin, diagnosis, development, and treatment of mental disorders).
In Russia those psychopathological syndromes are used in modern clinical practice and described in psychiatric literature in the details: asthenic syndrome, obsessive syndrome, emotional syndromes (for example, manic syndrome, depressive syndrome), Cotard's syndrome, catatonic syndrome, hebephrenic syndrome, delusional and hallucinatory syndromes (for example, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, Kandinsky-Clérambault's syndrome also known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hallucinosis), paraphrenic syndrome, psychopathic syndromes (includes all personality disorders), clouding of consciousness syndromes (for example, twilight clouding of consciousness, amential syndrome also known as amentia, delirious syndrome, stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome, hypochondriacal syndrome, paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, encephalopathic syndrome.[5][6]
Neonatal Progeroid Syndrome
Some examples of psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany are psychoorganic syndrome, depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compulsive syndrome, autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, manic syndrome, apathy syndrome.[7]
Münchausen syndrome, Ganser syndrome, neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, olfactory reference syndrome are also well-known.
History[edit]
The most important psychopathological syndromes were classified into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856—1926). The first group, which includes the mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical, delirious, and impulsive.[8] The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome.[8] The third includes the most severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic, oligophrenic and dementia.[8] In Kraepelin's era, epilepsy was viewed as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered 'genuine epilepsy' a 'psychosis', and described 'the three major psychoses' as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness.[9]
Medical genetics[edit]
In the field of medical genetics, the term 'syndrome' is traditionally only used when the underlying genetic cause is known. Thus, trisomy 21 is commonly known as Down syndrome.
Until 2005, CHARGE syndrome was most frequently referred to as 'CHARGE association'. When the major causative gene (CHD7) for the condition was discovered, the name was changed.[10] The consensus underlying cause of VACTERL association has not been determined, and thus it is not commonly referred to as a 'syndrome'.[11]
Other fields[edit]
In biology, 'syndrome' is used in a more general sense to describe characteristic sets of features in various contexts. Examples include behavioral syndromes, as well as pollination syndromes and seed dispersal syndromes.
In orbital mechanics and astronomy, Kessler syndrome refers to the effect where the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade in which each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.
China syndrome is a fictional scenario where a nuclear meltdown melts through a reactor containment vessel and then all the way through the earth to the opposite side.
Naming[edit]
There is no set common convention for the naming of newly identified syndromes. In the past, syndromes were often named after the physician or scientist who identified and described the condition in an initial publication, these are referred to as 'eponymous syndromes'. In some cases, diseases are named after the patient who initially presents with symptoms,[12] or their home town (Stockholm syndrome). There have been isolated cases of patients being eager to have their syndromes named after them, while their physicians are hesitant.[13] When a syndrome is named after a person, there is some difference of opinion as to whether it should take the possessive form or not (Down syndrome vs. Down's syndrome). North American usage has tended to favor the non-possessive form, while European references often use the possessive.[14] Even in Europe, there has been a trend away from the possessive form, over the period between 1970 and 2008.[14]
History[edit]
Avicenna, in The Canon of Medicine (published 1025), pioneered the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases.[15] The concept of a medical syndrome was further developed in the 17th century by Thomas Sydenham.[16]
Underlying cause[edit]
Even in syndromes with no known etiology, the presence of the associated symptoms with a statistically improbable correlation normally leads the researchers to hypothesize that there exists an unknown underlying cause for all the described symptoms.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^The British Medical Association Illustrated Medical Dictionary. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2002. pp. 177, 536. ISBN9780751333831. OCLC51643555.
- ^ abDorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. ISBN9781416062578. OCLC706780870.
- ^ abCalvo, F; Karras, BT; Phillips, R; Kimball, AM; Wolf, F (2003). 'Diagnoses, Syndromes, and Diseases: A Knowledge Representation Problem'. AMIA Annu Symp Proc: 802. PMC1480257. PMID14728307.
- ^Slack, R. C. B. (2012). 'Infective syndromes'. In Greenwood, D.; Barer, M.; Slack, R.; Irving, W. (eds.). Medical Microbiology (18th ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 678–688. ISBN978-0-7020-4089-4.
- ^Дмитриева, Т. Б.; Краснов, В. Н.; Незнанов, Н. Г.; Семке, В. Я.; Тиганов, А. С. (2011). Психиатрия: Национальное руководство [Psychiatry: The National Manual] (in Russian). Moscow: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. pp. 306–330. ISBN978-5-9704-2030-0.
- ^Сметанников, П. Г. (1995). Психиатрия: Краткое руководство для врачей [Psychiatry: A Brief Guide for Physicians] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: СПбМАПО. pp. 86–119. ISBN5-85077-025-9.
- ^P. Pichot (2013). Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification. Springer. p. 157. ISBN978-1-4899-5049-9.
- ^ abcCole, S. J. (1922). 'The Forms in which Insanity Expresses Itself [Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins]. (Arb. für Psychiat., München, Bd. ii, 1921.) Kraepelin, Emil'. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 68 (282): 296. doi:10.1192/bjp.68.282.295. ISSN0007-1250.
- ^Ghaemi S. N. (2009). 'Nosologomania: DSM & Karl Jaspers' critique of Kraepelin'. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine. 4: 10. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-4-10. PMC2724409. PMID19627606.
- ^'#214800 - CHARGE Syndrome'. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- ^'#192350 - VATER Association'. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- ^McCusick, Victor (1986). Mendelian Inheritance in Man (7th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xxiii–xxv.
- ^Teebi, A. S. (2004). 'Naming of a syndrome: The story of 'Adam Wright' syndrome'. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 125A (3): 329–30. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20460. PMID14994249. S2CID8439955.
- ^ abJana, N; Barik, S; Arora, N (2009). 'Current use of medical eponyms--a need for global uniformity in scientific publications'. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 9: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-18. PMC2667526. PMID19272131.
- ^Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-513580-6.
- ^Natelson, Benjamin H. (1998). Facing and fighting fatigue: a practical approach. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 30. ISBN0-300-07401-8.
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
External links[edit]
Syndrome Incredibles
Look up syndrome in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Syndrome Hair
- Whonamedit.com - a repository of medical eponyms